Introduction
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complex syndrome defined as a dysfunction of kidney caused by numerous etiologies. The prevalence of AKI and CKD raised upto 20% of hospitalized patients, AKI has a negative impact in patient outcomes in the short and long term, increasing the risk of in-hospital mortality, longer hospital stays, cardiovascular events, progression to chronic kidney disease, and long-term mortality.1, 2, 3 The AKI and CKD has significantly risk injury failure loss of kidney function -finally leads to end stage renal disease (ESRD).4 The pathophysiology of AKI and CKD multifactorial, hemodynamic instability, microcirculatory dysfunction, tubular cell injury, tubular obstruction, renal congestion. 5, 6
The current definition of AKI was proposed by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) work group in 2012. 7 The KDIGO classification defines AKI as an increase in serum creatinine (SCr) of at least 0.3 mg/dl within 48 h and AKI in stages of severity which correlate with patient prognosis. The important biomarkers like Serum Creatinine and Urinary Albuminuria for detection of AKI and CKD and also these markers are altered by factors affectingits production (age, gender, diet, and muscle mass), elimination (previous renal dysfunction), and secretion (medications). 8, 9 Therefore, research has focused on the development of new biomarkers, including serum adiponectin, hemoglobin and RBCs. Adiponectin (ADPN) is an important protein that secrete by adipocytes. Plasma level of ADPN is suggested as a predictive marker of metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who did not undergo dialysis. 10 ADPN has both anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties and deficiency causes foot processes effacement and albuminuria which are reverted after ADPN therapy. 11 In some studies, plasma ADPN level is directly associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and mortality in predialysis CKD patients and also other studies low plasma ADPN level predicts high cardiovascular events in HD patients. 12 The present study was evaluated by a study serum adiponectin, hemoglobin and rbcs levels in patients with acute and chronic kidney diseases.
Materials and Methods
This is the case – control study was conducted in “Akash Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre”, Karnataka from 2015-2020. A total 150 subjects included in the present study 100 Kidney diseases Patients (50AKI Patients and 50 CKD Patients) and 50 Healthy controls. All the subjects were recruited in the study after obtaining their informed consent after obtaining of ethical clearance from the institute (IEC No -164). Patients with age more than 30 years along with those patients diagnosed with AKI and CKD were included and Exclusions criteria were the presence of active infection, acute myocardial infarction in last 6 weeks, liver and pancreatic disorder, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus consumption of antioxidant drugs, and presence of active inflammatory diseases. From the all subjects, after overnight fasting (12hrs), 6 ml of venous blood was collected and transferred, 3 mL into anticoagulant (EDTA) Tube and 3 mL into plain tube along with that urine samples also collected. The Total count and Urinary Albuminuria was processed immediately and plain serum were separated by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 3 min and stored until biochemical analysis was done.
Serum Urea, Creatinine and Uric Acid levels was analysed by using Commercially available laboratory standard methods. The total count like Hemoglobin, RBCs, was analysed by Sysmex KN-21N (manufactured by Sysmex Corporation Kobe, Japan) and the serum Adiponectin levels was analysed by using Enzyme Linked Immunoassay Method, Urinary Albuminuria was analysed by Albumin and Creatinine Ratio.
Statistical analysis
The normal distribution of data checked by using Kolmogorov Smirnov test. All the characters descriptively summarized. The mean and standard deviation about the arithmetic mean were used. The Variations in the serum Adiponectin and hemoglobin, RBCs was analysed by using Student’s T-Tests (2 Tailed). The analysis of variance (ANOVO) followed by posthoc analysis done in between different groups. The correlation between the serum Adiponectin and Hemoglobin, RBCs, Urinary Albuminuria was done by using Pearson Correlation analysis. The Data was compiled in Microsoft excel spread sheets and analyzed using SPSS for windows version 16.0. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Table 1 shows the data distribution of healthy controls and two groups of kidney diseases (AKI & CKD) patients by using Kolmogorov Smirnov Test. All the parameters studiedhad at least one group with not normally distributed data. Hence, data was logarithmicallytransformed before applying parametric statistical tools.
Table 2 shows the demographic and clinical characteristics of the healthy controls and two groups of acute and chronic kidney disease subjects, The Serum urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid, Hemoglobin, RBCS and Serum Adiponectin, UrinaryAlbuminuria mean levels statistically significant difference between two groups of two groups of acute and chronic kidney disease patients when compared to healthy controls (P-0.0001**) by using independent sample (2 tailed) T- Test.
Table 3 shows the demographic and clinical characteristics of the different groups of study subjects, The hemoglobin and RBCs levels significantly reduced in two groups acute and chronic kidney disease patients when compared to healthy controls ( P- 0.0001*&0.037*). The Serum urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid, Adiponectin and Urinary Albuminuria levels are elevated acute and chronic kidney disease patients when compared to healthy subjects by using analysis of variance (ANOVO) followed by post hoc analysis ( P- 0.0001* ).
Table 4 shows the positive correlation of Serum Adiponectin and Serum Urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid, Hemoglobin, RBCs and Urinary Albuminuria (r = 0.834**, 0.866**, 0.754**, 0.715**, 0.732**, P- 0.0001) and negative correlation with the RBCs (r = 0.114, P - 0.129) in patients with groups acute and chronic kidney disease.
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Discussion
Adipose tissue is a storage organ in the body and also act as a endocrine tissue that secrets several biological compounds like cytokines and peptide hormones which is known as a adipokines. 13 This adipokines are involves in physiological functions like regulates metabolism and inflammation in some of the chronic diseases. 14 The adiponectin is also one of the adipocytokine has anti- inflammatory, anti- atherogenic and anti- diabetic properties, altered levels of adiponectin strongly correlated with oxidative stress and urinary microalbuminuria, leads to Metabolic Syndrome and acute & chronic kidney diseases. 15, 16
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complex syndrome defined as a dysfunction of kidney due to increased oxidative stress levels, urinary microalbuminuria gold standard method for early detection and progression of acute and chronic kidney diseases along with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and some of the recent studys found that urinary microalbuminuria is not a specific and sensitive method for detectionbecause it is elevated in other conditions like diabetic nephropathy, hypertension and other inflammatory conditions. 17, 18, 19 Recent study found adiponectin is the specific and sensitive biomarker for early detection of AKI and CKD. The present study also significantly increased levels of serum adiponectin levels was observed in both the acute and chronic kidney diseases and compared with the healthy controls. Similar results previous studys also found that significantly elevated serum adiponectin levels were triggers anti-oxidative pathways through AMP kinase; NADPH enzymatic activity results reduce the infiltration of albuminuria from the kidney. 20, 21
The relationship between AKI, CKD and Anemia is conflict. This two disorders contribute to the development of anemia results increased risk of bleeding and decrease life span of red blood cells in the spleen. 22 The cyclic pattern of hemoglobin levels stimulated by Both pharmacologic features and dosing of erythropoiesis-stimulatingagents and pathological variations of low and high hemoglobin levels areassociated with increased cardiovascular events and death in patients with AKI and CKD.23 The present study also observed that decreased levels of hemoglobin as well as Red Blood Cells in patients with both acute and chronic kidney diseases when compared to healthy controls. Hemoglobin and RBCs variability include acute or chronic comorbidities alters in iron stores, inflammation, blood loss ortransfusion, dialysis treatment featuressuch as dialysis adequacy, water quality, stage of CKD and residual renal function, level of parathyroid hormones and vitamin D, B12, or folate deficiencies. This all are leads to decreased hemoglobin and red blood cells levels in patients with acute and chronic kidney diseases leads to anemia. 24
The present study also found the serum adiponectin levels are positively correlates with serum urea, creatinine, uric acid and urinary microalbuminuria levels and negatively correlates with hemoglobin and red blood cells in two groups acute and chronic kidney diseases when compared to healthy controls. Similarly previous studys also reported that the increased serum adiponectin levels are useful for early detection of acute and chronic kidney diseases than urinary microalbuminuria.